What is dementia?

Dementia is a term used to describe a group of symptoms that affect memory, thinking, language, and everyday functioning.

It develops when brain cells become damaged and can no longer communicate effectively.

Dementia is not a single disease. It is caused by a number of different conditions and usually progresses over time.

Dementia describes a pattern of cognitive change, rather than a diagnosis in itself. These changes are severe enough to interfere with daily life.

Common symptoms include:

• Memory loss that affects routine activities

• Difficulty finding words or following conversations

• Problems with planning, judgement or problem-solving

• Changes in mood, behaviour or personality

Dementia is always caused by an underlying condition that damages brain cells. While ageing increases risk, dementia is not a normal part of ageing.

There are many different forms of dementia. The types below account for the majority of diagnoses in the UK.

Some memory changes are common as people get older. Ongoing or worsening symptoms should always be checked.

In the UK, diagnosis usually begins with a GP assessment. This may include:

• Memory and thinking tests

• Blood tests to rule out other causes

• Brain imaging

• Referral to a memory clinic or specialist

An early diagnosis allows people and families to plan, access treatment, and arrange appropriate support.

There is currently no cure for dementia. However, medication may help manage symptoms or slow progression for some people.

Support after diagnosis often focuses on:

• Maintaining safety and routines

• Supporting independence for as long as possible

• Managing changes in behaviour or communication

• Reducing stress for family members

Many people living with dementia are supported at home. Familiar surroundings can help reduce confusion and anxiety, particularly in the earlier stages.

Families often seek extra support when:

• Daily tasks become unsafe or difficult

• Medication or nutrition is being missed

• Isolation increases

• Caring responsibilities begin to feel unmanageable

Getting the right support earlier can help people living with dementia remain independent for longer, while supporting the well-being of the whole family.

Understanding dementia can make the condition feel less overwhelming. It also helps families recognise when support may be needed.

If you’d like to explore related topics, you may find these pages helpful:

• What causes dementia

• Making a home dementia-friendly

• Exercise and brain health

For families considering care at home, Hometouch provides doctor-founded, clinically guided dementia care that adapts as needs change. Our care experts are available to answer questions and provide clear guidance, without pressure.